buxom adj

1 (of a woman's body) having a large bosom and pleasing curves; "Hollywood seems full of curvaceous blondes"; "a curvy young woman in a tight dress" [syn: bosomy, busty, curvaceous, curvy, full-bosomed, sonsie, sonsy, voluptuous, well-endowed]

2 euphemisms for slightly fat; "a generation ago...buxom actresses were popular"- Robt.A.Hamilton; "chubby babies"; "pleasingly plump" [syn: chubby, embonpoint, plump, zaftig, zoftig]

English

Etymology

From the stem of Old English būgan ‘bend, bow’ + -some.

Pronunciation

/ˈbʌksəm/

Adjective

1. In the context of "of a woman": Having a full, voluptuous figure, especially possessing large breasts.
   • 2003, "Milestones," Time, 23 Jul.,

     DIED. Robert Brooks, 69, canny businessman who, as chairman of Hooters, turned the bar-restaurant chain, famed for buxom waitresses in orange hot pants, into an international success.

2. Healthy, lively.
   • 1896, Thomas Hardy, A Group of Noble Dames, "Dame the Eighth: The Lady Penelope,"

     So heated and impassioned, indeed, would they become, that the lady hardly felt herself safe in their company at such times, notwithstanding that she was a brave and buxom damsel, not easily put out, and with a daring spirit of humour in her composition.

3. Cheerful, lively, happy.
   • 1819, Walter Scott, Ivanhoe, ch. 41,

     The Outlaw accordingly led the way, followed by the buxom Monarch, more happy, probably, in this chance meeting with Robin Hood and his foresters, than he would have been in again assuming his royal state.

Synonyms

• busty
• curvaceous
• curvy
• shapely

References

• Dictionary.com

Female body shape has a bearing on a wide range of human activities, and there are and have been widely different ideals of it in different cultures over history. The female figure is usually narrower at the waist than at the chest and hips, and usually has one of four basic shapes — banana, pear, apple or hourglass. The chest, waist and hips are called inflection points, and the ratios of their circumferences define these basic shapes. Body shape depends on skeletal structure and the distribution of fat in the body.

Some of these body shapes normally occur only in women, although some endocrine conditions or deliberate use of female hormones, such as by transsexuals, can produce them in male bodies. As with most physical traits, there is a wide range of normal female body shapes.

Shape

The female form is a combination of multiple attributes which cause many conflicting descriptions when taken as a whole.

Three inflection points

seealso BWH The female body has three key physical points of inflection:

• Chest, which is measured across the fullest part of the bust
• Waist, which is usually measured at the smallest circumference of the abdomen
• Hips, which is usually measured at the largest circumference of the hips and buttocks

The female body usually inflects inward towards the waist around the middle of the abdomen. The waist is smaller than the chest and hips, unless there is a high proportion of body fat distributed around the waist. How much the chest or hips inflect inward, towards the waist determines the structural shape.

A woman's "dimensions" are often presented by the circumference around these three inflection points. For example "36-29-38" in Imperial units, meaning a 36" chest, 29" waist and 38" hips.

Four combinatorial structures

Independent of fat percentage, weight or width, most female bodies have one of four elementary geometries, ordered by their commonality in western society.

A study of over 6,000 women carried out by researchers at the North Carolina State University around 2005 found that 46% were Banana (rectangular), just over 20% Pear, just under 14% Apple, and 8% Hourglass.

The inflection points on the female form define a woman's combinational structure. Any structure can occur in a range of proportions.

Weight and fat distribution

Shape is affected by fat distribution due to sex hormone levels. The concentrations of estrogen influence where body fat is stored. Before puberty both males and females have similar WHR. Normal pre-menopausal female estrogen levels will cause the body to store fat in the buttocks, thighs, and hips. Hence, pre-menopausal females generally have fat distributed around their hip section but not around their waist. This causes their waist-hip ratio (waist measurement divided by hip measurement) to be lower than males. When women pass menopause, the estrogen produced by ovaries reduces, causing fat to redistribute from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waist. Fat stored during subsequent weight gain is primarily concentrated in the abdomen.

Body Mass Index, which considers only height and total mass, is an approximate method for calculating whether an adult is overweight, underweight, or of a healthy weight. Some recent research indicates that the waist-hip ratio is a better measure of obesity than body mass index, particularly for the purpose of determining risk of heart attack. The ideal ratio for women is about 0.7. The body fat percentage is considered to be an even more accurate measure of obesity. Of these three measurements, only the waist-hip ratio uses dimensions that will vary depending upon the body structure. Hence, it is possible for two women to have vastly different body mass indices but the same waist-hip ratio, or to have the same body mass index but vastly different waist-hip ratios.

The ideal female body size and shape varies among cultures; however, the preference for a small waist has remained fairly constant throughout history. A low waist-hip ratio has often been seen as a sign of good reproductive potential, but recent research suggests that attractiveness is more correlated to body mass index than waist-hip ratio, contrary to previous belief.

Societal impact

Many societies vary on their contrasts, criticisms and praise of the female form. Crowd leaders, such as celebrities, also impact the "desirable" female body shape.

Social conditioning to obesity

As average body mass continues to increase in Western nations, people are becoming desensitized to obesity and view an increasingly larger amount of body fat as "normal" or "acceptable". People are especially likely to take cues on acceptable body size from their social circle, gaining weight concurrently with those around them. A study by RMIT School of Health Sciences showed that obese teenagers and their parents were highly likely to underestimate their weight, "highlight[ing] the concern that overweight and obesity are now so common that they have become 'normalised'". In contrast with the common perception that Western culture is obsessed with thinness, these findings would suggest that individuals are typically less concerned with maintaining a lean, healthy weight than medical science recommends.

Many "curvy" American film stars from the early and mid-20th century are cited as inspirations by overweight women when, in reality, they were thin even by today's standards. Marilyn Monroe is said to have worn a size 16 dress. However, this fails to consider the changes in American garment sizing over the last century. Monroe was 5'5", weighed 118 lbs and measured 36-24-34, which would make her approximately a women's size 2 by modern American sizing standards. Similar misconceptions about the body sizes of classic sex icons may reinforce the idea that an overweight physique is healthy and appropriate.

Feminism and body shape

Feminists criticise the excessive emphasis on body shape as part of women's self-image in Western society, and contend that an ample body shape is more typical of real women in the West than the ideal pushed by some parts of the Western media through depictions of extremely thin actresses and fashion models. However, in media made predominantly by and for heterosexual men, such as video games, comic books, sports entertainment, or pornography, a more buxom and curvaceous female ideal with large breasts, small waist and rounded hips is portrayed, one that is more in line with the sexual desires of men than those seen in the fashion or beauty industries.

Anorexia and media depictions of women

Sociocultural studies highlight the role of cultural factors in the incidence of anorexia nervosa in women, such as the promotion of thinness as the ideal female form in Western industrialised nations, particularly through the media. A recent epidemiological study of 989,871 Swedish residents indicated that gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status were highly correlated with the chance of developing anorexia, and women with non-European parents were among the least likely to be diagnosed, while women in wealthy, ethnic Swedish families were most at risk.

A classic study by Garner and Garfinkel demonstrated that those in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin (such as models and dancers) were much more likely to develop anorexia during their career, and further research suggests that those with anorexia have much higher contact with cultural sources that promote weight-loss.

Although anorexia nervosa is usually associated with Western cultures, exposure to Western media is thought to have led to an increase in cases in non-Western counties. But other cultures may not display the same worries about becoming fat as those with the condition in the West, but instead may present with low appetite with the other common features.

seealso Anorexia nervosa

See also

• Body fat percentage
• Body mass index
• Glossary of shapes with metaphorical names
• Human variability
• Physical attractiveness
• Sexual attraction
• Sexual dimorphism
• Waist-hip ratio

References

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